āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄāđ„āļ›āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļē

āļ„āļđāđˆāļĄāļ·āļ­āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ (Medical Data Standards Guide)

āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļšāļš MediTech Hospital Information System

Document Version: 1.0
Date: September 2, 2025
Project: MediTech HIS - Healthcare Data Interoperability
Prepared by: Medical Technology Systems Team


āļŠāļēāļĢāļšāļąāļ (Table of Contents)

  1. āļšāļ—āļ™āļģ (Introduction)
  2. HL7 Version 2.x
  3. HL7 Version 3
  4. FHIR (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources)
  5. āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ (Standards Comparison)
  6. āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™ MediTech (Implementation in MediTech)
  7. āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ† āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ (Related Standards)
  8. Best Practices āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđāļ™āļ°āļ™āļģ

1. āļšāļ—āļ™āļģ (Introduction)

1.1 āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ

āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŦāļąāļ§āđƒāļˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļœāļĨāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰:

🔗 āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™

āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļš Development Team:

  1. āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ‹āļąāļšāļ‹āđ‰āļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āļēāļāļēāļĢ (Integration Complexity)
  2. āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‚āļĩāļĒāļ™ custom adapter āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļšāļš āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™:
    • Lab System A āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ CSV format
    • Lab System B āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ XML āđāļ•āđˆ schema āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™
    • Pharmacy System āđƒāļŠāđ‰ proprietary API
  3. āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ 3-5 āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ•āļąāļ§ āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ° integration
  4. āđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ– reuse code āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰ codebase āļšāļēāļ™āļ›āļĨāļēāļĒ

  5. āļāļēāļĢāļšāļģāļĢāļļāļ‡āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļēāļ (Maintenance Nightmare)

  6. āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ° interface āļĄāļĩ bug āđāļĨāļ° edge case āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™
  7. āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­ vendor āļ­āļąāļ›āđ€āļ”āļ• API āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđāļāđ‰āđ„āļ‚ custom code āļ—āļļāļāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡
  8. Documentation āļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļēāļĒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™
  9. Testing āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļģāđāļĒāļāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļšāļš

  10. āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļœāļīāļ”āļžāļĨāļēāļ”āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨ (Data Transformation Errors)

  11. āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡:
    // Lab System A: glucose = "120 mg/dL"
    // Lab System B: glucose = 120 (āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ mg/dL)
    // Lab System C: glucose = 6.7 (āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ mmol/L)
    
  12. āļāļēāļĢāđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļœāļīāļ”āļ­āļēāļˆāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒāļœāļīāļ”
  13. Date format āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™ (DD/MM/YYYY vs MM/DD/YYYY)
  14. Character encoding issues (UTF-8 vs TIS-620)

  15. āļ‚āļēāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ–āļđāļāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ (No Validation)

  16. āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩ schema validation
  17. Business rules āđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™
  18. āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļœāļīāļ”āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰
  19. āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļžāļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļœāļīāļ”āļžāļĨāļēāļ”āļŠāđ‰āļē (āļ—āļĩāđˆ user interface)

āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļš Healthcare Operations:

  1. āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāđˆāļēāļŠāđ‰āļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē (Treatment Delays)
  2. āļŦāļĄāļ­āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ­āļœāļĨāđāļĨāļ›āļˆāļēāļ 3 āļĢāļ°āļšāļš āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē 15-30 āļ™āļēāļ—āļĩ
  3. āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨ vital signs āđ„āļĄāđˆ real-time
  4. āļāļēāļĢ approve āļĒāļēāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™ manual
  5. Emergency case āļ–āļđāļāļŠāļ°āļĨāļ­āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ„āļĄāđˆāļžāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĄ

  6. āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļœāļīāļ”āļžāļĨāļēāļ”āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ (Medical Errors)

  7. āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡:
    Scenario: āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ•āļīāđāļžāđ‰ Penicillin
    - āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš A āđāļ•āđˆāļŦāļĄāļ­āļ”āļđāļˆāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļšāļš B
    - āļŦāļĄāļ­āļŠāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩ Penicillin
    - āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāđ‰āļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡
    
  8. Duplicate orders āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ„āļĄāđˆ sync
  9. Wrong patient identification
  10. Medication dosage errors

  11. āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‹āđ‰āļģāļ‹āđ‰āļ­āļ™ (Redundant Work)

  12. āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļāļĢāļ­āļāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨ vital signs 3 āļĢāļ°āļšāļš
  13. āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ–āļđāļāļāļĢāļ­āļāļ‹āđ‰āļģāļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āđāļœāļ™āļ
  14. Manual transcription āļˆāļēāļ paper āđ„āļ› digital
  15. Double entry āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­ verification

  16. āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ (Fragmented Care)

  17. āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩ single source of truth
  18. Timeline āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™
  19. āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŠāļđāļāļŦāļēāļĒ
  20. Follow-up care āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡

ðŸ’Ą āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļœāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™

1. āļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨ (Interoperability)

āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļēāļĢāļāļąāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļž:

  • Semantic Interoperability (āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđƒāļˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒ)
  • āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđƒāļˆāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļŦāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āļāļąāļ™
  • āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡: "Blood Pressure" āđƒāļ™ FHIR āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ–āļķāļ‡ "āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”āļąāļ™āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļīāļ•" āđ€āļŠāļĄāļ­
  • āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰ terminology standards āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ SNOMED CT, LOINC
  • āļĨāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļĨāļļāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨ

  • Syntactic Interoperability (āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļāļąāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡)

  • āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™
  • JSON schema āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļš FHIR, HL7 message format
  • āļāļēāļĢ validate āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ•āļēāļĄ schema āļ­āļąāļ•āđ‚āļ™āļĄāļąāļ•āļī
  • āļĨāļ”āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļœāļīāļ”āļžāļĨāļēāļ”āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨ

  • Technical Interoperability (āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļāļąāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„)

  • āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļāļąāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰
  • RESTful APIs, MLLP protocols, WebSocket connections
  • Authentication āđāļĨāļ° authorization standards
  • Network protocols āđāļĨāļ° message queuing

2. āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ–āļđāļāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨ (Data Integrity)

āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ–āļđāļāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ™āđˆāļēāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ–āļ·āļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨ:

  • Schema Validation (āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļš)
    // āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ FHIR validation
    const patientSchema = {
      resourceType: 'Patient',
      required: ['identifier', 'name', 'gender'],
      properties: {
        birthDate: { type: 'string', pattern: '^[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2}$' }
      }
    };
    
  • āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ­āļąāļ•āđ‚āļ™āļĄāļąāļ•āļī
  • Reject āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ–āļđāļāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļšāļš
  • Consistent data types āđāļĨāļ° formats

  • Business Rules (āļāļŽāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆ)

    // āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ business rules
    if (patient.age < 18 && !patient.guardian) {
      throw new Error('Minor patient requires guardian information');
    }
    
    if (medication.dosage > medication.maxDailyDose) {
      throw new Error('Dosage exceeds maximum daily limit');
    }
    

  • āļāļŽāđ€āļāļ“āļ‘āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ
  • Clinical decision support rules
  • Drug interaction checking

  • Error Detection (āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļˆāļąāļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļœāļīāļ”āļžāļĨāļēāļ”)

  • āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļˆāļąāļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļœāļīāļ”āļžāļĨāļēāļ”āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļąāļ•āđ‚āļ™āļĄāļąāļ•āļīāđāļĨāļ°āđāļšāļš real-time
  • Data quality monitoring āđāļĨāļ° reporting
  • Automatic error correction mechanisms
  • Alert systems āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļīāļ”āļ›āļāļ•āļī

3. āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ (Security)

āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļĄāļĩāļāļĨāđ„āļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđāļāļĢāđˆāļ‡:

  • Standardized Encryption (āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™)
    // FHIR OAuth 2.0 + SMART on FHIR
    const authConfig = {
      encryption: 'AES-256-GCM',
      tokenExpiry: 3600, // 1 hour
      refreshTokenExpiry: 86400, // 24 hours
      scope: 'patient/*.read practitioner/*.read'
    };
    
  • TLS 1.3 āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļš data in transit
  • AES-256 āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļš data at rest
  • Digital signatures āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļš data integrity

  • Access Control (āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ–āļķāļ‡)

  • Role-based access control (RBAC)
  • Attribute-based access control (ABAC)
  • Fine-grained permissions āļšāļ™ resource level
  • Patient consent management

  • Audit Trails (āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ‡āļēāļ™)

    interface AuditEvent {
      timestamp: Date;
      actor: User;
      action: 'create' | 'read' | 'update' | 'delete';
      resource: FHIRResource;
      outcome: 'success' | 'failure';
      sourceIP: string;
    }
    

  • Complete audit logs āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨ
  • Tamper-proof logging mechanisms
  • GDPR āđāļĨāļ° HIPAA compliance

4. āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļž (Efficiency)

āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļžāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđāļĨāļ°āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™:

  • Reduced Development Time (āļĨāļ”āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē)
    # āđāļ—āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ‚āļĩāļĒāļ™ custom parser
    npm install @types/fhir
    npm install node-hl7-complete
    
    # āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē: 2 āļ§āļąāļ™ āđāļ—āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 2 āļŠāļąāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦāđŒ
    
  • āļžāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĄ libraries āđāļĨāļ° SDKs āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļļāļāļ āļēāļĐāļē
  • Code generators āđāļĨāļ° development tools
  • Extensive documentation āđāļĨāļ° examples

  • Lower Integration Costs (āļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļļāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ•āđˆāļģ)

  • āļĨāļ”āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ custom adapters āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē
  • Vendor independence - āđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™ vendor āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ‡āđˆāļēāļĒ
  • Standardized testing procedures
  • Reduced maintenance overhead

  • Faster Data Access (āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™)

    // FHIR Search API - āļ„āđ‰āļ™āļŦāļēāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™ 1 request
    GET /Patient?identifier=1234567890&_include=Patient:general-practitioner
    
    // āđāļ—āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ query āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒ tables/systems
    

  • Optimized query patterns
  • Standardized search parameters
  • Efficient data serialization formats
  • Built-in pagination āđāļĨāļ° filtering

5. āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ•āļēāļĄ (Quality & Compliance)

  • Healthcare Quality Metrics
  • CQMs (Clinical Quality Measures) reporting
  • HEDIS (Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set)
  • Value-based care metrics

  • Regulatory Compliance

  • FDA 21 CFR Part 11 compliance
  • HIPAA Security āđāļĨāļ° Privacy Rules
  • European GDPR requirements
  • Local regulations (PDPA āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ)

6. Innovation āđāļĨāļ° Future-Proofing

  • API Economy
  • Third-party app development
  • Healthcare marketplace integration
  • Telemedicine platforms

  • AI/ML Integration

  • Structured data āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļš machine learning
  • Clinical decision support systems
  • Predictive analytics

  • Interoperability Networks

  • Health Information Exchanges (HIEs)
  • National health networks
  • Cross-border healthcare data sharing

📊 āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ

graph LR
    subgraph "Without Standards"
        A1[Lab System<br/>Custom Format] -.->|Manual Entry| B1[EMR System]
        C1[Radiology<br/>DICOM Only] -.->|Print & Scan| B1
        D1[Pharmacy<br/>Excel Files] -.->|Phone Call| B1
        B1 -.->|Fax| E1[External Hospital]

        style A1 fill:#ffcccc
        style C1 fill:#ffcccc
        style D1 fill:#ffcccc
        style E1 fill:#ffcccc
    end

    subgraph "With Standards"
        A2[Lab System<br/>HL7 v2.x] <-->|Automated| B2[EMR System<br/>FHIR]
        C2[Radiology<br/>DICOM + HL7] <-->|Real-time| B2
        D2[Pharmacy<br/>FHIR] <-->|API| B2
        B2 <-->|FHIR Bundle| E2[External Hospital]

        style A2 fill:#ccffcc
        style B2 fill:#ccffcc
        style C2 fill:#ccffcc
        style D2 fill:#ccffcc
        style E2 fill:#ccffcc
    end

1.2 āļ āļēāļžāļĢāļ§āļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ

graph TD
    A[Medical Data Standards] --> B[HL7 Family]
    A --> C[Other Standards]

    B --> D[HL7 v2.x<br/>Message-based]
    B --> E[HL7 v3<br/>XML-based]
    B --> F[FHIR<br/>RESTful API]

    C --> G[DICOM<br/>Medical Imaging]
    C --> H[ICD-10<br/>Diagnosis Coding]
    C --> I[LOINC<br/>Lab Results]
    C --> J[SNOMED CT<br/>Clinical Terms]

2. HL7 Version 2.x

2.1 āļ āļēāļžāļĢāļ§āļĄ HL7 v2.x

HL7 (Health Level Seven) Version 2.x āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļąāļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđāļžāļĢāđˆāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ„āļĨāļīāļ™āļīāļ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄ (text-based messages)

2.2 āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄ HL7 v2.x

Message Structure:

MSH|^~\&|SendingApp|SendingFacility|ReceivingApp|ReceivingFacility|20250902120000||ADT^A01|MSG00001|P|2.5
EVN|A01|20250902120000
PID|1||123456789^^^Hospital^MR||āđƒāļˆāļ”āļĩ^āļŠāļĄāļŠāļēāļĒ^^^^^L||19850615|M||Thai|123 āļŦāļĄāļđāđˆ 5 āļ–.āļŠāļļāļ‚āļļāļĄāļ§āļīāļ—^^āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļž^^10110^TH||(66)021234567|(66)021234567||Buddhist|Single||1234567890123|||||||||||
PV1|1|I|ICU^101^A^Hospital||||^āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ^āļ™āļž.āļŠāļĄāļĻāļąāļāļ”āļīāđŒ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||20250902120000

Segment Breakdown:

  • MSH (Message Header): āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŦāļąāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄ
  • EVN (Event Type): āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ
  • PID (Patient Identification): āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ
  • PV1 (Patient Visit): āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļąāļšāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ

2.3 Message Types āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ

Message Type Description Usage in Healthcare
ADT Admission, Discharge, Transfer āļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļš-āļˆāļģāļŦāļ™āđˆāļēāļĒāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ
ORM Order Message āļŠāļąāđˆāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ
ORU Observation Result āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ
SIU Scheduling Information āļ™āļąāļ”āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ
MDM Medical Document Management āļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ

2.4 āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™ TypeScript

// HL7 v2.x Parser Example for MediTech
interface HL7Message {
  segments: Map<string, HL7Segment>;
  messageType: string;
  messageControlId: string;
}

interface HL7Segment {
  name: string;
  fields: string[];
}

class HL7Parser {
  private readonly fieldSeparator = '|';
  private readonly componentSeparator = '^';

  parse(message: string): HL7Message {
    const lines = message.split('\r');
    const segments = new Map<string, HL7Segment>();

    lines.forEach(line => {
      if (line.length > 0) {
        const fields = line.split(this.fieldSeparator);
        const segmentName = fields[0];

        segments.set(segmentName, {
          name: segmentName,
          fields: fields.slice(1)
        });
      }
    });

    const mshSegment = segments.get('MSH');
    const messageType = mshSegment?.fields[7] || '';
    const messageControlId = mshSegment?.fields[8] || '';

    return {
      segments,
      messageType,
      messageControlId
    };
  }

  // āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡ ADT^A01 (Patient Admission) Message
  createAdmissionMessage(patient: Patient, visit: Visit): string {
    const timestamp = new Date().toISOString().replace(/[-:]/g, '').replace('T', '').split('.')[0];
    const messageId = `MSG${Date.now()}`;

    const msh = `MSH|^~\\&|MediTech|Hospital|ReceivingApp|Facility|${timestamp}||ADT^A01|${messageId}|P|2.5`;
    const evn = `EVN|A01|${timestamp}`;
    const pid = `PID|1||${patient.hn}^^^Hospital^MR||${patient.lastName}^${patient.firstName}||${patient.birthDate}|${patient.gender}||Thai|||||||${patient.nationalId}`;
    const pv1 = `PV1|1|${visit.type}|${visit.ward}^${visit.bed}||||${visit.doctor}||||||||||||${visit.visitNumber}|||||||||||||||||||||||${timestamp}`;

    return [msh, evn, pid, pv1].join('\r');
  }
}

2.5 āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļĩāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļˆāļģāļāļąāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ HL7 v2.x

āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ”āļĩ: - ✅ āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļžāļĢāđˆāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ‚āļĨāļ - ✅ āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļšāļš real-time - ✅ āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļĨāđ‡āļ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŦāļĒāļąāļ” bandwidth - ✅ āļĄāļĩ library āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļĐāļē

āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļˆāļģāļāļąāļ”: - ❌ āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĒāļ·āļ”āļŦāļĒāļļāđˆāļ™ - ❌ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩ schema validation āđƒāļ™āļ•āļąāļ§ - ❌ āļāļēāļĢ customize āļ—āļģāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĒāļēāļ - ❌ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļš RESTful API āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ‡


3. HL7 Version 3

3.1 āļ āļēāļžāļĢāļ§āļĄ HL7 v3

HL7 Version 3 āđƒāļŠāđ‰ XML āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āđƒāļŠāđ‰ Reference Information Model (RIM) āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļāļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡

3.2 āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡ XML āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ HL7 v3

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PRPA_IN201301UV02 xmlns="urn:hl7-org:v3" 
                   xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
  <id root="2.16.840.1.113883.19.1122" extension="MSG00001"/>
  <creationTime value="20250902120000"/>
  <versionCode code="3.0"/>
  <interactionId root="2.16.840.1.113883.1.6" extension="PRPA_IN201301UV02"/>

  <receiver typeCode="RCV">
    <device classCode="DEV" determinerCode="INSTANCE">
      <id root="2.16.840.1.113883.19.1122.1"/>
      <name>MediTech HIS</name>
    </device>
  </receiver>

  <sender typeCode="SND">
    <device classCode="DEV" determinerCode="INSTANCE">
      <id root="2.16.840.1.113883.19.1122.2"/>
      <name>External System</name>
    </device>
  </sender>

  <controlActProcess classCode="CACT" moodCode="EVN">
    <subject typeCode="SUBJ">
      <registrationEvent classCode="REG" moodCode="EVN">
        <subject1 typeCode="SBJ">
          <patient classCode="PAT">
            <id root="2.16.840.1.113883.19.1122.5" extension="123456789"/>
            <patientPerson>
              <name>
                <given>āļŠāļĄāļŠāļēāļĒ</given>
                <family>āđƒāļˆāļ”āļĩ</family>
              </name>
              <birthTime value="19850615"/>
              <administrativeGenderCode code="M" codeSystem="2.16.840.1.113883.5.1"/>
            </patientPerson>
          </patient>
        </subject1>
      </registrationEvent>
    </subject>
  </controlActProcess>
</PRPA_IN201301UV02>

3.3 CDA (Clinical Document Architecture)

CDA āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ HL7 v3 āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđāļĨāļāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ„āļĨāļīāļ™āļīāļ

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<ClinicalDocument xmlns="urn:hl7-org:v3">
  <typeId root="2.16.840.1.113883.1.3" extension="POCD_HD000040"/>
  <templateId root="2.16.840.1.113883.10.20.22.1.1"/>
  <id root="2.16.840.1.113883.19.5" extension="DOC123456"/>

  <code code="34133-9" 
        displayName="Summary of episode note" 
        codeSystem="2.16.840.1.113883.6.1" 
        codeSystemName="LOINC"/>

  <title>Discharge Summary</title>
  <effectiveTime value="20250902120000"/>

  <recordTarget>
    <patientRole>
      <id extension="123456789" root="2.16.840.1.113883.19.5"/>
      <patient>
        <name>
          <given>āļŠāļĄāļŠāļēāļĒ</given>
          <family>āđƒāļˆāļ”āļĩ</family>
        </name>
      </patient>
    </patientRole>
  </recordTarget>

  <component>
    <structuredBody>
      <component>
        <section>
          <title>Chief Complaint</title>
          <text>Chest pain for 3 days</text>
        </section>
      </component>
    </structuredBody>
  </component>
</ClinicalDocument>

4. FHIR (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources)

4.1 āļ āļēāļžāļĢāļ§āļĄ FHIR

FHIR (āļ­āļ­āļāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļ§āđˆāļē "Fire") āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļĢāļļāđˆāļ™āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ‚āļ”āļĒ HL7 āđƒāļŠāđ‰ RESTful API āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļš JSON/XML āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ‡āđˆāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđāļĨāļ°āļšāļđāļĢāļ“āļēāļāļēāļĢ

4.2 āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ FHIR

  1. Resources: āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™ (Patient, Observation, Medication)
  2. RESTful API: āđƒāļŠāđ‰ HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE)
  3. Bundles: āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ§āļĄāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒ resources āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļąāļ™
  4. Profiles: āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđāļ•āđˆāļ‡ resources āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļāļąāļšāļšāļĢāļīāļšāļ—
  5. Extensions: āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāđƒāļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™

4.3 FHIR Resources āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ

graph LR
    A[FHIR Resources] --> B[Foundation]
    A --> C[Clinical]
    A --> D[Financial]
    A --> E[Workflow]

    B --> B1[Patient]
    B --> B2[Organization]
    B --> B3[Practitioner]

    C --> C1[Observation]
    C --> C2[Condition]
    C --> C3[MedicationRequest]
    C --> C4[Procedure]

    D --> D1[Claim]
    D --> D2[Coverage]

    E --> E1[Appointment]
    E --> E2[Encounter]
    E --> E3[Task]

4.4 āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ FHIR Patient Resource (JSON)

{
  "resourceType": "Patient",
  "id": "123456789",
  "meta": {
    "versionId": "1",
    "lastUpdated": "2025-09-02T12:00:00Z",
    "profile": ["http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Patient"]
  },
  "identifier": [
    {
      "use": "official",
      "type": {
        "coding": [{
          "system": "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/v2-0203",
          "code": "MR",
          "display": "Medical Record Number"
        }]
      },
      "system": "http://hospital.meditech.com/identifier/mrn",
      "value": "123456789"
    },
    {
      "use": "official",
      "type": {
        "coding": [{
          "system": "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/v2-0203",
          "code": "NI",
          "display": "National ID"
        }]
      },
      "system": "http://thailand.gov/identifier/national-id",
      "value": "1234567890123"
    }
  ],
  "active": true,
  "name": [
    {
      "use": "official",
      "text": "āļ™āļēāļĒāļŠāļĄāļŠāļēāļĒ āđƒāļˆāļ”āļĩ",
      "family": "āđƒāļˆāļ”āļĩ",
      "given": ["āļŠāļĄāļŠāļēāļĒ"]
    }
  ],
  "telecom": [
    {
      "system": "phone",
      "value": "+66821234567",
      "use": "mobile"
    },
    {
      "system": "email",
      "value": "[email protected]"
    }
  ],
  "gender": "male",
  "birthDate": "1985-06-15",
  "address": [
    {
      "use": "home",
      "type": "physical",
      "text": "123 āļŦāļĄāļđāđˆ 5 āļ–.āļŠāļļāļ‚āļļāļĄāļ§āļīāļ— āđāļ‚āļ§āļ‡āļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļ•āļąāļ™ āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ•āļĒ āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļžāļŊ 10110",
      "line": ["123 āļŦāļĄāļđāđˆ 5", "āļ–.āļŠāļļāļ‚āļļāļĄāļ§āļīāļ—"],
      "city": "āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļžāļĄāļŦāļēāļ™āļ„āļĢ",
      "district": "āļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ•āļĒ",
      "postalCode": "10110",
      "country": "TH"
    }
  ],
  "maritalStatus": {
    "coding": [{
      "system": "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/v3-MaritalStatus",
      "code": "M",
      "display": "Married"
    }]
  },
  "contact": [
    {
      "relationship": [{
        "coding": [{
          "system": "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/v2-0131",
          "code": "N",
          "display": "Next-of-Kin"
        }]
      }],
      "name": {
        "text": "āļ™āļēāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ§āļŠāļĄāļŦāļāļīāļ‡ āđƒāļˆāļ”āļĩ"
      },
      "telecom": [{
        "system": "phone",
        "value": "+66823456789"
      }]
    }
  ]
}

4.5 FHIR RESTful API Operations

Basic CRUD Operations:

// TypeScript Example for MediTech FHIR Client
import axios from 'axios';

class FHIRClient {
  private baseURL: string;
  private headers: any;

  constructor(baseURL: string, accessToken?: string) {
    this.baseURL = baseURL;
    this.headers = {
      'Content-Type': 'application/fhir+json',
      'Accept': 'application/fhir+json'
    };

    if (accessToken) {
      this.headers['Authorization'] = `Bearer ${accessToken}`;
    }
  }

  // CREATE - āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡ Patient āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ
  async createPatient(patient: any): Promise<any> {
    const response = await axios.post(
      `${this.baseURL}/Patient`,
      patient,
      { headers: this.headers }
    );
    return response.data;
  }

  // READ - āļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨ Patient
  async getPatient(id: string): Promise<any> {
    const response = await axios.get(
      `${this.baseURL}/Patient/${id}`,
      { headers: this.headers }
    );
    return response.data;
  }

  // UPDATE - āļ­āļąāļ›āđ€āļ”āļ• Patient
  async updatePatient(id: string, patient: any): Promise<any> {
    const response = await axios.put(
      `${this.baseURL}/Patient/${id}`,
      patient,
      { headers: this.headers }
    );
    return response.data;
  }

  // DELETE - āļĨāļš Patient
  async deletePatient(id: string): Promise<void> {
    await axios.delete(
      `${this.baseURL}/Patient/${id}`,
      { headers: this.headers }
    );
  }

  // SEARCH - āļ„āđ‰āļ™āļŦāļē Patients
  async searchPatients(params: any): Promise<any> {
    const response = await axios.get(
      `${this.baseURL}/Patient`,
      { 
        headers: this.headers,
        params: params 
      }
    );
    return response.data;
  }

  // BATCH/TRANSACTION - āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒ operations āļžāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļāļąāļ™
  async transaction(bundle: any): Promise<any> {
    const response = await axios.post(
      `${this.baseURL}`,
      bundle,
      { headers: this.headers }
    );
    return response.data;
  }
}

// āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ‡āļēāļ™
const fhirClient = new FHIRClient('https://api.meditech.com/fhir/r4');

// āļ„āđ‰āļ™āļŦāļēāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ National ID
const searchParams = {
  identifier: '1234567890123',
  _format: 'json'
};

fhirClient.searchPatients(searchParams)
  .then(bundle => {
    console.log(`Found ${bundle.total} patients`);
    bundle.entry?.forEach((entry: any) => {
      console.log(`Patient: ${entry.resource.name[0].text}`);
    });
  });

4.6 FHIR Bundle Example (Transaction)

{
  "resourceType": "Bundle",
  "type": "transaction",
  "entry": [
    {
      "fullUrl": "urn:uuid:61ebe359-bfdc-4613-8bf2-c5e300945f0a",
      "resource": {
        "resourceType": "Patient",
        "identifier": [{
          "system": "http://hospital.meditech.com/identifier/mrn",
          "value": "123456789"
        }],
        "name": [{
          "use": "official",
          "family": "āđƒāļˆāļ”āļĩ",
          "given": ["āļŠāļĄāļŠāļēāļĒ"]
        }],
        "gender": "male",
        "birthDate": "1985-06-15"
      },
      "request": {
        "method": "POST",
        "url": "Patient"
      }
    },
    {
      "fullUrl": "urn:uuid:88f151c0-a954-468a-88bd-5ae15c08e059",
      "resource": {
        "resourceType": "Encounter",
        "status": "in-progress",
        "class": {
          "system": "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/v3-ActCode",
          "code": "AMB",
          "display": "ambulatory"
        },
        "subject": {
          "reference": "urn:uuid:61ebe359-bfdc-4613-8bf2-c5e300945f0a"
        },
        "period": {
          "start": "2025-09-02T09:00:00Z"
        }
      },
      "request": {
        "method": "POST",
        "url": "Encounter"
      }
    }
  ]
}

4.7 FHIR Subscription for Real-time Updates

{
  "resourceType": "Subscription",
  "status": "active",
  "criteria": "Patient?identifier=1234567890123",
  "channel": {
    "type": "websocket",
    "endpoint": "wss://api.meditech.com/fhir/websocket",
    "payload": "application/fhir+json"
  }
}

5. āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ (Standards Comparison)

5.1 āļ•āļēāļĢāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļš HL7 v2.x, HL7 v3, āđāļĨāļ° FHIR

Feature HL7 v2.x HL7 v3 FHIR
āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨ Pipe-delimited text XML JSON/XML
Protocol MLLP/TCP SOAP RESTful API
āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ‹āļąāļšāļ‹āđ‰āļ­āļ™ āļ›āļēāļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡ āļŠāļđāļ‡ āļ•āđˆāļģ
āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļ·āļ”āļŦāļĒāļļāđˆāļ™ āļˆāļģāļāļąāļ” āļ›āļēāļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡ āļŠāļđāļ‡
Learning Curve āļ›āļēāļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡ āļŠāļđāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ āļ•āđˆāļģ
āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļš Mobile āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ”āļĩ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ”āļĩ āļ”āļĩāļĄāļēāļ
Real-time Support āļ”āļĩ āļ›āļēāļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡ āļ”āļĩāļĄāļēāļ (WebSocket)
āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™ āđāļžāļĢāđˆāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļĄāļēāļ āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ§āļ”āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§
Developer-friendly āļ›āļēāļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡ āļ•āđˆāļģ āļŠāļđāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ
āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨ āđ€āļĨāđ‡āļ āđƒāļŦāļāđˆ āļ›āļēāļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡

5.2 āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļ”āļ„āļ§āļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āđƒāļ”

flowchart TD
    A[Choose Standard] --> B{New System?}

    B -->|Yes| C[FHIR R4]
    B -->|No| D{Legacy Integration?}

    D -->|Yes| E{What Protocol?}
    D -->|No| C

    E -->|MLLP/TCP| F[HL7 v2.x]
    E -->|SOAP/XML| G[HL7 v3]
    E -->|REST API| C

    C --> H[Modern & Scalable]
    F --> I[Wide Compatibility]
    G --> J[Complex Requirements]

6. āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™ MediTech (Implementation in MediTech)

6.1 Architecture Overview

graph TB
    subgraph "MediTech Core System"
        A[MediTech HIS<br/>PostgreSQL + Nest.js]
        B[FHIR Server<br/>HAPI FHIR]
        C[HL7 Interface Engine<br/>Mirth Connect]
    end

    subgraph "Internal Systems"
        D[Laboratory<br/>HL7 v2.x]
        E[Radiology<br/>DICOM + HL7]
        F[Pharmacy<br/>FHIR R4]
    end

    subgraph "External Systems"
        G[NHSO API<br/>REST/SOAP]
        H[Other Hospitals<br/>FHIR/HL7]
        I[Mobile Apps<br/>FHIR REST]
    end

    A <--> B
    A <--> C

    C <--> D
    C <--> E
    B <--> F

    B <--> G
    B <--> H
    B <--> I

6.2 Implementation Strategy

Phase 1: Internal Integration (HL7 v2.x)

// MediTech HL7 v2.x Integration Service
@Injectable()
export class HL7IntegrationService {
  constructor(
    private readonly hl7Parser: HL7Parser,
    private readonly patientService: PatientService,
    private readonly visitService: VisitService
  ) {}

  async processADTMessage(message: string): Promise<void> {
    const parsedMessage = this.hl7Parser.parse(message);

    switch (parsedMessage.messageType) {
      case 'ADT^A01': // Admission
        await this.handleAdmission(parsedMessage);
        break;
      case 'ADT^A03': // Discharge
        await this.handleDischarge(parsedMessage);
        break;
      case 'ADT^A08': // Update patient
        await this.handlePatientUpdate(parsedMessage);
        break;
    }
  }

  private async handleAdmission(message: HL7Message): Promise<void> {
    const pidSegment = message.segments.get('PID');
    const pv1Segment = message.segments.get('PV1');

    // Extract patient data
    const patient = {
      hn: pidSegment?.fields[2].split('^')[0],
      firstName: pidSegment?.fields[4].split('^')[1],
      lastName: pidSegment?.fields[4].split('^')[0],
      birthDate: pidSegment?.fields[6],
      gender: pidSegment?.fields[7]
    };

    // Create or update patient
    await this.patientService.upsert(patient);

    // Create visit
    const visit = {
      patientHN: patient.hn,
      admissionDate: pv1Segment?.fields[43],
      ward: pv1Segment?.fields[2].split('^')[0],
      bed: pv1Segment?.fields[2].split('^')[1]
    };

    await this.visitService.create(visit);
  }
}

Phase 2: External Integration (FHIR R4)

// MediTech FHIR Integration Service
@Injectable()
export class FHIRIntegrationService {
  private fhirClient: FHIRClient;

  constructor(
    @Inject('FHIR_CONFIG') private config: FHIRConfig,
    private readonly patientService: PatientService
  ) {
    this.fhirClient = new FHIRClient(config.baseURL, config.accessToken);
  }

  // Transform MediTech Patient to FHIR Patient
  async exportPatientToFHIR(patientId: string): Promise<any> {
    const patient = await this.patientService.findById(patientId);

    const fhirPatient = {
      resourceType: 'Patient',
      identifier: [
        {
          system: 'http://hospital.meditech.com/identifier/mrn',
          value: patient.hn
        },
        {
          system: 'http://thailand.gov/identifier/national-id',
          value: patient.nationalId
        }
      ],
      name: [{
        use: 'official',
        family: patient.lastName,
        given: [patient.firstName]
      }],
      gender: patient.gender.toLowerCase(),
      birthDate: patient.birthDate,
      address: [{
        use: 'home',
        text: patient.address,
        city: patient.city,
        postalCode: patient.postalCode,
        country: 'TH'
      }],
      telecom: [
        {
          system: 'phone',
          value: patient.phone,
          use: 'mobile'
        }
      ]
    };

    return await this.fhirClient.createPatient(fhirPatient);
  }

  // Import FHIR Patient to MediTech
  async importPatientFromFHIR(fhirPatientId: string): Promise<void> {
    const fhirPatient = await this.fhirClient.getPatient(fhirPatientId);

    const patient = {
      hn: this.extractIdentifier(fhirPatient, 'MR'),
      nationalId: this.extractIdentifier(fhirPatient, 'NI'),
      firstName: fhirPatient.name?.[0]?.given?.[0] || '',
      lastName: fhirPatient.name?.[0]?.family || '',
      gender: fhirPatient.gender?.toUpperCase() || 'U',
      birthDate: fhirPatient.birthDate,
      phone: this.extractTelecom(fhirPatient, 'phone'),
      email: this.extractTelecom(fhirPatient, 'email'),
      address: fhirPatient.address?.[0]?.text || ''
    };

    await this.patientService.upsert(patient);
  }

  private extractIdentifier(patient: any, type: string): string {
    const identifier = patient.identifier?.find(
      (id: any) => id.type?.coding?.[0]?.code === type
    );
    return identifier?.value || '';
  }

  private extractTelecom(patient: any, system: string): string {
    const telecom = patient.telecom?.find(
      (t: any) => t.system === system
    );
    return telecom?.value || '';
  }
}

6.3 MediTech API Gateway Configuration

// API Gateway routes for different standards
@Controller('api/v1/integration')
export class IntegrationController {
  constructor(
    private readonly hl7Service: HL7IntegrationService,
    private readonly fhirService: FHIRIntegrationService
  ) {}

  // HL7 v2.x endpoint
  @Post('hl7/v2')
  @Header('Content-Type', 'x-application/hl7-v2+er7')
  async receiveHL7Message(@Body() message: string): Promise<string> {
    await this.hl7Service.processADTMessage(message);

    // Return HL7 ACK message
    const ackMessage = this.generateACK(message, 'AA');
    return ackMessage;
  }

  // FHIR endpoint
  @Post('fhir/Patient')
  @Header('Content-Type', 'application/fhir+json')
  async createFHIRPatient(@Body() patient: any): Promise<any> {
    const result = await this.fhirService.importPatientFromFHIR(patient.id);

    return {
      resourceType: 'OperationOutcome',
      issue: [{
        severity: 'information',
        code: 'informational',
        details: {
          text: 'Patient imported successfully'
        }
      }]
    };
  }

  // Webhook for real-time updates
  @Post('webhook/fhir')
  async handleFHIRWebhook(@Body() notification: any): Promise<void> {
    // Process FHIR subscription notification
    if (notification.resourceType === 'Bundle') {
      for (const entry of notification.entry) {
        await this.processFHIRResource(entry.resource);
      }
    }
  }
}

7.1 DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine)

āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ āļēāļžāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ:

// DICOM Integration Example
interface DICOMStudy {
  studyInstanceUID: string;
  patientID: string;
  patientName: string;
  studyDate: string;
  modality: string;
  studyDescription: string;
  series: DICOMSeries[];
}

interface DICOMSeries {
  seriesInstanceUID: string;
  seriesDescription: string;
  modality: string;
  instances: DICOMInstance[];
}

interface DICOMInstance {
  sopInstanceUID: string;
  instanceNumber: number;
  imageURL: string;
}

7.2 ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases)

āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ‡āļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāđ‚āļĢāļ„:

{
  "code": "I21.0",
  "display": "Acute transmural myocardial infarction of anterior wall",
  "displayThai": "āļāļĨāđ‰āļēāļĄāđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļąāļ§āđƒāļˆāļ•āļēāļĒāđ€āļ‰āļĩāļĒāļšāļžāļĨāļąāļ™āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļ™āļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļ™āļąāļ‡āļŦāļąāļ§āđƒāļˆāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļē",
  "category": "I21",
  "chapter": "IX"
}

7.3 LOINC (Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes)

āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ:

{
  "code": "2160-0",
  "display": "Creatinine [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma",
  "displayThai": "āļ„āļĢāļĩāđ€āļ­āļ•āļīāļ™āļīāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ‹āļĩāļĢāļąāļĄāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļžāļĨāļēāļŠāļĄāļē",
  "unit": "mg/dL",
  "normalRange": {
    "male": "0.7-1.3",
    "female": "0.6-1.1"
  }
}

7.4 SNOMED CT (Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms)

āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļģāļĻāļąāļžāļ—āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ„āļĨāļīāļ™āļīāļ:

{
  "conceptId": "22298006",
  "term": "Myocardial infarction",
  "termThai": "āļāļĨāđ‰āļēāļĄāđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļąāļ§āđƒāļˆāļ•āļēāļĒ",
  "semanticTag": "disorder",
  "hierarchy": [
    "404684003|Clinical finding",
    "118234003|Finding by site",
    "301095005|Cardiac finding"
  ]
}

8. Best Practices āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđāļ™āļ°āļ™āļģ

8.1 Security Best Practices

1. Authentication & Authorization

// OAuth 2.0 for FHIR
const fhirAuthConfig = {
  authorizationURL: 'https://auth.meditech.com/oauth/authorize',
  tokenURL: 'https://auth.meditech.com/oauth/token',
  clientId: process.env.FHIR_CLIENT_ID,
  clientSecret: process.env.FHIR_CLIENT_SECRET,
  scopes: ['patient/*.read', 'patient/*.write', 'launch/patient']
};

2. Audit Logging

// Audit all data exchanges
@Injectable()
export class IntegrationAuditService {
  async logDataExchange(
    standard: 'HL7v2' | 'HL7v3' | 'FHIR',
    operation: string,
    resourceType: string,
    resourceId: string,
    userId: string,
    success: boolean,
    details?: any
  ): Promise<void> {
    await this.auditRepository.create({
      timestamp: new Date(),
      standard,
      operation,
      resourceType,
      resourceId,
      userId,
      success,
      details,
      ipAddress: this.getClientIP(),
      userAgent: this.getUserAgent()
    });
  }
}

8.2 Performance Optimization

1. Caching Strategy

// Redis caching for frequently accessed FHIR resources
@Injectable()
export class FHIRCacheService {
  constructor(
    @InjectRedis() private readonly redis: Redis
  ) {}

  async getCachedResource(
    resourceType: string, 
    id: string
  ): Promise<any> {
    const key = `fhir:${resourceType}:${id}`;
    const cached = await this.redis.get(key);

    if (cached) {
      return JSON.parse(cached);
    }

    return null;
  }

  async setCachedResource(
    resourceType: string,
    id: string,
    resource: any,
    ttl: number = 3600
  ): Promise<void> {
    const key = `fhir:${resourceType}:${id}`;
    await this.redis.setex(key, ttl, JSON.stringify(resource));
  }
}

2. Batch Processing

// Batch FHIR transactions for better performance
async function batchFHIROperations(operations: any[]): Promise<any> {
  const bundle = {
    resourceType: 'Bundle',
    type: 'batch',
    entry: operations.map(op => ({
      resource: op.resource,
      request: {
        method: op.method,
        url: op.url
      }
    }))
  };

  return await fhirClient.transaction(bundle);
}

8.3 Error Handling

// Comprehensive error handling for integration
class IntegrationErrorHandler {
  handleError(error: any, context: string): void {
    if (error.response) {
      // FHIR OperationOutcome
      if (error.response.data.resourceType === 'OperationOutcome') {
        const issues = error.response.data.issue;
        issues.forEach((issue: any) => {
          console.error(`FHIR Error [${issue.severity}]: ${issue.details?.text}`);
        });
      }
      // HL7 v2.x NAK
      else if (error.message.includes('NAK')) {
        console.error('HL7 Message rejected:', error.message);
      }
    } else if (error.request) {
      // Network error
      console.error(`Network error in ${context}:`, error.message);
      // Implement retry logic
      this.scheduleRetry(context, error);
    } else {
      // Other errors
      console.error(`Unexpected error in ${context}:`, error.message);
    }
  }

  private scheduleRetry(context: string, error: any): void {
    // Exponential backoff retry
    const retryDelay = Math.min(1000 * Math.pow(2, error.retryCount || 0), 30000);
    setTimeout(() => {
      // Retry operation
    }, retryDelay);
  }
}

8.4 Testing Strategies

// Integration testing for different standards
describe('Healthcare Standards Integration', () => {
  describe('HL7 v2.x', () => {
    it('should parse ADT^A01 message correctly', () => {
      const message = 'MSH|^~\\&|...';
      const parsed = hl7Parser.parse(message);

      expect(parsed.messageType).toBe('ADT^A01');
      expect(parsed.segments.get('PID')).toBeDefined();
    });
  });

  describe('FHIR R4', () => {
    it('should validate Patient resource', async () => {
      const patient = {
        resourceType: 'Patient',
        identifier: [{ system: 'test', value: '123' }]
      };

      const result = await fhirValidator.validate(patient);
      expect(result.isValid).toBe(true);
    });
  });
});

8.5 Migration Path

flowchart LR
    A[Current System<br/>Custom Format] --> B[Phase 1<br/>HL7 v2.x Internal]
    B --> C[Phase 2<br/>FHIR Internal APIs]
    C --> D[Phase 3<br/>FHIR External]
    D --> E[Phase 4<br/>Full FHIR]

    style A fill:#f9f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px
    style E fill:#9f9,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px

āļŠāļĢāļļāļ› (Conclusion)

āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļš MediTech HIS:

āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđāļ™āļ°āļ™āļģāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļš MediTech:

  1. āđƒāļŠāđ‰ FHIR R4 āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļš:
  2. External APIs
  3. Mobile Applications
  4. New integrations
  5. Cloud services

  6. āļ„āļ‡ HL7 v2.x āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļš:

  7. Legacy system integration
  8. Laboratory interfaces
  9. Real-time messaging

  10. āļŦāļĨāļĩāļāđ€āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡ HL7 v3 āđ€āļ§āđ‰āļ™āđāļ•āđˆ:

  11. āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°
  12. āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰ CDA documents

  13. Implement gradually:

  14. Start with internal systems
  15. Test thoroughly
  16. Monitor performance
  17. Scale progressively

āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ–āļđāļāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰ MediTech HIS āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–: - ✅ āđāļĨāļāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļž - ✅ āļĨāļ”āļ„āđˆāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āļēāļāļēāļĢ - ✅ āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨ - ✅ āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āđƒāļ™āļ­āļ™āļēāļ„āļ• - ✅ āļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ


References

  1. HL7 International: https://www.hl7.org/
  2. FHIR Documentation: https://www.hl7.org/fhir/
  3. DICOM Standard: https://www.dicomstandard.org/
  4. ICD-10: https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/
  5. LOINC: https://loinc.org/
  6. SNOMED CT: https://www.snomed.org/

Document Status: Complete
Last Updated: September 2, 2025
Next Review: March 2026